Misdiagnosis of Acute Renal Artery Thrombosis as Acute Abdominal Disease:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

Renal artery thrombosis can cause acute occlusion of unilateral or bilateral renal arteries,and kidney failure would be induced if it is not diagnosed and treated in time.Therefore,rapid and correct treatment is especially important for renal artery thrombosis.Due to the lack of specificity of clinical manifestations,this disease in commonly misdiagnosed or missed and thus has a low early diagnosis rate.Here we report a case of acute renal artery thrombosis to improve the diagnosis and treatment.

https://www.scielo.br/j/jbn/a/XCDXYHCGzjjG8sWsb8KGB3R/ / Infarto renal bilateral em paciente com infecção grave por COVID-19

Abstract Thromboembolic events are frequent in patients with COVID-19 infection, and no cases of bilateral renal infarctions have been reported. We present the case of a 41-year-old female patient with diabetes mellitus and obesity who attended the emergency department for low back pain, respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 pneumonia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and shock. The patient had acute kidney injury and required hemodialysis. Contrast abdominal tomography showed bilateral renal infarction and anticoagulation was started. Kidney infarction cases require high diagnostic suspicion and possibility of starting anticoagulation.

Resumo Fenômenos tromboembólicos são frequentes em pacientes com infecção por COVID-19 e nenhum caso de infarto renal bilateral havia sido relatado. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 41 anos, com diabetes mellitus e obesidade, que deu entrada no serviço de urgência por lombalgia, insuficiência respiratória associada à pneumonia COVID-19, cetoacidose diabética e choque. A paciente apresentava lesão renal aguda e demandava hemodiálise. A tomografia abdominal contrastada mostrou infarto renal bilateral e foi iniciada anticoagulação. Os casos de infarto renal requerem alta suspeita diagnóstica e possibilidade de iniciar a anticoagulação.

Infarto renal y disección carotídea espontánea: complicaciones de la displasia fibromuscular / Spontaneous renal infarction and carotid dissection: complications of fibromuscular dysplasia

Resumen La displasia fibromuscular es una enfermedad no inflamatoria y no aterosclerótica, que puede afectar cualquier lecho arterial; sin embargo, las arterias renales y la carótida interna son las más comprometidas. Se presenta el caso de un paciente que cursó con dolor abdominal y cefalea hemicraneana posterior, con síndrome de Horner incompleto. En arteriografía renal y panangiografía cerebral realizada por Cardiología intervencionista se observó infarto renal derecho y disección de la carótida interna derecha con formación de pseudoaneurisma. Se hizo terapia endovascular con angioplastia y se dio de alta con antiagregación dual. Es importante conocer este tipo de presentación clínica ya que el diagnóstico podría confundirse con otras enfermedades que generan signos y síntomas similares; por consiguiente, es ideal tener sospecha clínica alta para evitar retrasos en el manejo.

Abstract Fibromuscular dysplasia is a non-inflammatory and non-atherosclerotic disease that can affect any arterial bed, with the renal and the internal carotid arteries being the most compromised. A case is presented on a patient that had abdominal pain and pain in the back of the head, and an incomplete Horner syndrome. In the renal arteriography and cerebral pan-angiography carried out by interventionist Cardiology, a right renal infarction and dissection of the right internal carotid was observed with a pseudo-aneurysm formation. Intravenous treatment was performed with angioplasty, and the patient was discharged with dual antiplatelet therapy. It is important to be aware of this type of clinical presentation, since the diagnosis can be confused with other diseases that produce similar signs and symptoms. It would be ideal to have a high clinical suspicion in order to avoid delays in the management.

Infarto renal: revisión sistemática sobre síntomas de sospecha clínica y repercusión sobre función renal / Renal infarction: systematic review of symptoms of clinical suspicion and repercussion on renal function / Infarto renal: revisão sistemática dos sintomas de suspeita clínica e repercussão na função renal

Resumen: Introducción: El infarto renal es una entidad poco frecuente y está sub-diagnosticada por lo que para su diagnóstico se necesita un alto índice de sospecha clínica. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y paraclínicas más frecuentes en el infarto renal, destacando la repercusión en la función renal. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de serie de casos en PUBMED y SciELO con los términos: "renal infarction" y "renal infarct". Se estudiaron variables: demográficas, clínicas y paraclínicas. En el caso de las variables paraclínicas se analizó el porcentaje de pacientes con valores elevados de cada una de las mismas. El análisis estadístico fue realizado con EPI INFO 7. 2. Resultados: Los síntomas y signos más frecuentes fueron oliguria, dolor en flanco y abdominal, nauseas, fiebre y vómitos. Los parámetros paraclínicos alterados fueron: LDH, PCR y glóbulos blancos. Se constató injuria renal aguda en 30.8% de los pacientes, la progresión a enfermedad renal crónica se observó en 17.3% y la progresión a enfermedad renal terminal se observó en 5.2% de los pacientes. Discusión y conclusiones: La determinación de las características clínicas y paraclínicas más frecuentes del infarto renal, se pueden utilizar para disminuir el retraso diagnóstico, lo que tiene consecuencias terapéuticas.

Abstract: Introduction: Renal infarction is a rare entity and is under-diagnosed, so a high index of clinical suspicion is needed for its diagnosis. Objective: To determine the most frequent clinical and paraclinical characteristics in renal infarction, highlighting the impact on renal function. Methodology: A systematic review of a series of cases was carried out in PUBMED and SciELO with the terms: "renal infarction" and "renal infarct". Variables were studied: demographic, clinical and paraclinical. In the case of paraclinical variables, the percentage of patients with high values ​​of each of them was analyzed. The statistical analysis was performed with EPI INFO 7. 2. Results: The most frequent symptoms and signs were oliguria, flank and abdominal pain, nausea, fever and vomiting. Paraclinical parameters altered were: LDH, CRP and white blood cells. Acute renal injury was found in 30.8% of patients, progression to chronic kidney disease was observed in 17.3% and progression to end-stage renal disease was observed in 5.2% of patients. Discussion and conclusions: The determination of the most frequent clinical and paraclinical characteristics of renal infarction can be used to reduce the diagnostic delay, which has therapeutic consequences.

Resumo: Introdução: O infarto renal é uma entidade rara e é subdiagnosticada, portanto, um alto índice de suspeita clínica é necessário para o seu diagnóstico. Objetivo: Determinar as características clínicas e paraclínicas mais frequentes no infarto renal, destacando o impacto na função renal. Metodologia: Uma revisão sistemática de uma série de casos foi realizada em PUBMED e SciELO com os termos: "infarto renal" e "infarto renal". As variáveis ​​foram estudadas: demográficas, clínicas e paraclinicais. No caso de variáveis ​​paraclínicas, foi analisada a porcentagem de pacientes com valores altos de cada um deles. A análise estatística foi realizada com o EPI INFO 7. 2. Resultados: Os sintomas e sinais mais frequentes foram oligúria, dor no flanco e abdominal, náusea, febre e vômitos. Parâmetros clínicos alterados foram: LDH, PCR e glóbulos brancos. A lesão renal aguda foi encontrada em 30,8% dos pacientes, a progressão para doença renal crônica foi observada em 17,3% e a progressão para doença renal terminal em 5,2% dos pacientes. Discussão e conclusões: A determinação das características clínicas e paraclínicas mais frequentes do infarto renal pode ser utilizada para reduzir o retardo no diagnóstico, o que tem consequências terapêuticas.

Case of Renal Microaneurysms and Multiple Renal Infarctions in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory, heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and the potential involvement of almost every organ system. Although vasculitis usually confined to small vessels is a fairly common feature of SLE, ischemic vasculitis with an aneurysm is an uncommon feature. In particular, renal arterial microaneurysms and multiple renal infarctions are very rarely reported in patients with SLE. Furthermore, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no report on renal arterial microaneurysms associated with SLE in Korea. Here, this paper presents a case of renal microaneurysms and multiple renal infarctions in a 41-year-old woman with SLE.

Acute renal infarction secondary to membranous glomerulopathy

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Acute renal infarction often presents with abdominal  pain,  nausea,  vomiting,  and  fever.With other more common illnesses presenting with the same symptoms, <br />it is often misdiagnosed leading to delayed treatment.We present a case of a young female diagnosed to have Membranous Glomerulopathy who presented with sudden onset  flank  pain  in  whom was initially treated as urinary tract infection. <br /><strong>CASE:</strong> A  19-year-old  female  diagnosed  with  membranous glomerulopathy presented at the Emergency Room (ER) with severe,  right  sided,  flank  pain  of  acute  onset,  associated with nausea and vomiting. No fever, dysuria, hematuria, or history of trauma. Her vital signs were within normal range. Abdominal  examination  revealed  a  distended  but  soft non-tender  abdomen  with  positive  shifting  dullness and fluid wave test. Right sided costovertebral angle tenderness was  elicited.Initial diagnostics showed leukocytosis with neutrophilic  predominance,  serum  creatinine  of  0.77mg/dL,  and  proteinuria  of  >600mg/dL.Abdominal  ultrasound showed  non-specific  findings,  thus  contrast-enhanced  computed  tomography  scan  (CT-Scan)  of  the  abdomen was  done which revealed areas of non-enhancement in the upper to middle portions of the right kidney which may relate to areas of ischemia and/or infarction, likely due to thrombosis involving the more distal portion of the right renal artery and massive ascites. Result was confirmed by computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the kidneys showing right renal artery thrombosis. Evaluations for other causes  of  renal  artery  thrombosis  aside  from  patient's concurrent  membranous  glomerulopathy  were  done  and were negative. Anti-coagulation therapy was initiated using low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and was thereafter maintained on warfarin.<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> A  high  index  of  clinical  suspicion  is  needed to  diagnose  acute  renal  infarction  because  of  its  non-specific symptoms which can mimic other conditions. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of anti-coagulation therapy is  important  to  avoid  irreversible  kidney  damage.  Acute renal infarction should be considered as a cause of acute onset flank pain in patients with risk factors and normal initial screening test.</p>

Acute renal infarction secondary to membranous glomerulopathy

BACKGROUND: Acute renal infarction often presents with abdominal  pain,  nausea,  vomiting,  and  fever.With other more common illnesses presenting with the same symptoms, it is often misdiagnosed leading to delayed treatment.We present a case of a young female diagnosed to have Membranous Glomerulopathy who presented with sudden onset  flank  pain  in  whom was initially treated as urinary tract infection. CASE: A  19-year-old  female  diagnosed  with  membranous glomerulopathy presented at the Emergency Room (ER) with severe,  right  sided,  flank  pain  of  acute  onset,  associated with nausea and vomiting. No fever, dysuria, hematuria, or history of trauma. Her vital signs were within normal range. Abdominal  examination  revealed  a  distended  but  soft non-tender  abdomen  with  positive  shifting  dullness and fluid wave test. Right sided costovertebral angle tenderness was  elicited.Initial diagnostics showed leukocytosis with neutrophilic  predominance,  serum  creatinine  of  0.77mg/dL,  and  proteinuria  of  >600mg/dL.Abdominal  ultrasound showed  non-specific  findings,  thus  contrast-enhanced  computed  tomography  scan  (CT-Scan)  of  the  abdomen was  done which revealed areas of non-enhancement in the upper to middle portions of the right kidney which may relate to areas of ischemia and/or infarction, likely due to thrombosis involving the more distal portion of the right renal artery and massive ascites. Result was confirmed by computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the kidneys showing right renal artery thrombosis. Evaluations for other causes  of  renal  artery  thrombosis  aside  from  patient's concurrent  membranous  glomerulopathy  were  done  and were negative. Anti-coagulation therapy was initiated using low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and was thereafter maintained on warfarin.CONCLUSION: A  high  index  of  clinical  suspicion  is  needed to  diagnose  acute  renal  infarction  because  of  its  non-specific symptoms which can mimic other conditions. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of anti-coagulation therapy is  important  to  avoid  irreversible  kidney  damage.  Acute renal infarction should be considered as a cause of acute onset flank pain in patients with risk factors and normal initial screening test.

Spontaneous Renal Artery Dissection as a Cause of Acute Renal Infarction: Clinical and MDCT Findings

The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) as a cause of acute renal infarction, and to evaluate the clinical and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings of SRAD. From November 2011 to January 2014, 35 patients who were diagnosed with acute renal infarction by MDCT were included. We analyzed the 35 MDCT data sets and medical records retrospectively, and compared clinical and imaging features of SRAD with an embolism, using Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test. The most common cause of acute renal infarction was an embolism, and SRAD was the second most common cause. SRAD patients had new-onset hypertension more frequently than embolic patients. Embolic patients were found to have increased C-reactive protein (CRP) more often than SRAD patients. Laboratory results, including tests for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and the BUN/creatinine ratio (BCR) were significantly higher in embolic patients than SRAD patients. Bilateral renal involvement was detected in embolic patients more often than in SRAD patients. MDCT images of SRAD patients showed the stenosis of the true lumen, due to compression by a thrombosed false lumen. None of SRAD patients progressed to an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or to end-stage renal disease during the follow-up period. SRAD is not a rare cause of acute renal infarction, and it has a benign clinical course. It should be considered in a differential diagnosis of acute renal infarction, particularly in patients with new-onset hypertension, unilateral renal involvement, and normal ranges of CRP, LDH, BUN, and BCR.

Clinical studies of interventional thrombolysis in treatment of primary acute segmental renal infarction / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of the interventional thrombolytic therapy in acute segmental renal infarction.Methods From December 2007 to November 2015 data of patients with acute segmental renal infarction treated in our institute were retrospectively reviewed. There were 5 male patients and 2 female patients, All patients age ranged from 45 to 76 years old ( median 70 years old), All patients had clinical symptoms,including left flank pain with vomiting in 3 patients and right flank pain with vomiting in 4 cases. 4 cases with cerebral thrombosis, atrial fibrillation and hypertension, 3 cases had hypertension and diabetes.4 cases was possible of renal artery embolism diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound, renal arteries showed no abnormality, while other 3 cases had no obvious symptoms.CT test revealed low density area wedge-shaped, coated substrate edge, but no obvious occupying lesions in the pole of the kidneys.Furthermore, enhanced scan showed uneven enhancement, delayed distortion, and the lesion density below the renal parenchyma in the pole of the kidneys.Digital subtraction angiography ( DSA) were performed and the patients were given saline 20 ml and urokinase200 000 U at 15 minutes interval through indwelling catheter injection two times, followed by normal saline 20 ml and urokinase100 000 U injection once.Subsequently, the patients were given urokinase 100 000 U through the indwelling catheters infusion every four hours.Concurrently, the patients were given 6 000 U of low molecular weight heparin sodium injection subcutaneously every 12 h, as well as expansion treatment. 24 hours after the treatment, observing the infarction area by the original DSA catheter angiography.Results All patients were successfully treated.Followed up for 3 months to 7 years, 1 patient died of cerebral infarction and hypertension after 8 months, other patients were alive without evidence of renal infarction recurrence in CT examination, and condition of patients with atrial fibrillation gradually recovered. Conclusion The diagnosis of ASRI requires enhanced CT and DSA examination due to its rare incidence and the high misdiagnosis rate in clinic.Early diagnosis and use of interventional thrombolytic therapy method is a feasible and effective treatment method.

A Case of Bilateral Renal Infarction of Unknown Cause in a Previously Healthy Young Male

We report a rare case of bilateral renal infarction resulting in acute renal failure in a previously healthy 26-year-old soldier. The patient presented with an abdominal pain and bilateral costovertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory studies showed elevated serum creatinine, mild leukocytosis, and increased lactate dehydrogenase. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed multiple perfusion defects in both kidneys with wedge-shaped infarction in right kidney. Kidney biopsy performed in the left kidney revealed microinfarction. Comprehensive work-up did not reveal any specific causes or risk factors except smoking, and the infarction was considered to be idiopathic. He emphasized that he received extremely strenuous military training several days before he came to the hospital. He was treated with low molecular weight heparin with significant improvement in renal function. Further studies are needed for the characterization of idiopathic renal infarction in previously healthy individuals and evaluating the mechanisms including strenuous physical activity on the renal blood flow.

Diagnostic value of tri-phase dynamic enhancement scan with CT for acute renal infarction / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To investigate the imaging characteristics and diagnostic value of tri-phase dynamic enhancement scan with CT for acute renal infarction. Methods The image features of CT plain scan and tri-phase dynamic enhancement scan of 10 patients (19 sides) with acute renal infarction were retrospectively analyzed, and the CTA expression of 6 patients were observed. Results Fourteen acute renal infarction lesions of 10 cases were diagnosed. The CT scan showed there were 4 cases with enlargement of kidney, and the other 6 cases were of no abnormality. The tri-phase enhancement CT scan showed there were 6 cases of unilateral renal infarction and 4 cases of bilateral renal infarction, which totally involving 14 sides. The acute renal infarction lesions lacked of high density region in the corticomedullary in cortical phase, and there were wedge-shaped hypodense area, even low density of full kidney in parenchymal phase and pyelographic phase. The a-cute renal infarction lesions were revealed better in parenchymal phase and pyelographic phase than in cortical phase. Six cases of CTA re-vealed the responsible vessels of renal infarction lesions and the other vascular diseases. Conclusion CT tri-phase dynamic enhancement scan has important value in the diagnosis of acute renal infarction, and CTA can identify the responsible vessels of renal infarction lesions.

Various Renal Manifestations in Children with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder that affects multiple organ systems and causes tumors. It is important that physicians are aware of the manifestations of TSC, and that they follow the recommendations for screening and evaluation. Several types of renal abnormalities may develop in individuals with TSC. Individuals with TSC may require ongoing treatment that can be adapted for each arising manifestation of renal disease. Herein, we report 4 patients with TSC who presented with a range of different renal manifestations, including angiomyolipoma, renal cell carcinoma, renal infarction, renal cyst, and nephrolithiasis.

Renal Infarction in Antiphospholipid Antibody-negative Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease affecting multiple organ systems, and is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes and a large array of autoantibodies. Thrombosis is a relatively frequent and serious complication of SLE; however, renal infarction in young patients with antiphospholipid antibody-negative lupus has rarely been reported, and no pediatric case has been reported in Korea. A 12-year-old female patient was presented to our hospital with a 3-day history of nausea, vomiting, and right flank pain. She was diagnosed with SLE and lupus nephritis two years ago and was treated with corticosteroids and hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed renal infarction in the upper pole of the right kidney. Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin was started, and warfarin was also started simultaneously and continued for 3 months. After 3 months, only minimal atrophic changes were seen on the abdominal CT. She is doing well by maintaining oral anticoagulant therapy and is being followed up regularly through outpatient clinic visits.

Graves' disease presenting with acute renal infarction

No abstract available.

Multiorgan With Renal Infarction Following Treatment of Cerebral Infarction

Acute renal infarction is a rare disease and it is often difficult to make a clinical diagnosis due to the non-specific clinical presentations and lack of the physicians' awarenesses. We experienced a case of a 72-year-old man who was diagnosed as multiorgan with renal infarction during the bridge therapy of cerebral infarction with atrial fibrillation. Computed tomogram (CT) with intravenous contrast of the abdomen and pelvis revealed left renal infarction with renal artery occlusion, multifocal splenic infarction, and ischemic colitis on rectum and sigmoid colon. The patient was treated with low molecular weight heparin for 10 days, his symptoms were improved and laboratory findings were normalized. Follow-up CT was performed on the 43th day, there were persisted left renal infarction with atrophic change shown and the splenic perfusion was improved.

Renal infarction caused by paradoxical embolism through a patent foramen ovale

A 48-year-old man presented with acute right flank pain. A computed tomography scan revealed right renal infarction. Because he had no thrombosis in the renal vessels and no clear embolic source, a further examination was performed to find the cause of the renal infarction. On transesophageal echocardiography, a right-to-left shunt during the Valsalva maneuver established a diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. This is a case of paradoxical embolism through a PFO leading to renal infarction.

Early diagnosis and interventional therapy of acute renal infarction / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To discuss the early diagnosis and interventional therapy of acute renal infarction.Methods The diagnosis and therapy of 5 cases of acute renal infarction were retrospectively analyzed.There were 4 male and 1 female patients,aged 38-68 years.The symptoms were severe back pain or upper abdominal pain,with or without nausea and vomiting and the time to hospital was 1 to 16 h.Four cases had rheumatic heart disease and 4 cases had artrial fibrillation history.The lab assay results: WBC 8.9-15.8 × 109/L,urine RBC-to + + +,albumin + to + + +,serum creatinin 66-216 μmol/L,serum LDH 350-920 U/L.The doppler ultrasound and CT scan showed large infarction in 3 cases and focal infarction in 2 cases.Percutaneous arteriography,thrombolytic therapy and thrombosuction via catheter were applied promptly.Results The 5 cases were diagnosed and treated timely and effectively.The emboli were cleared.Four patients were followed up for 3-12 months.The creatinin recovered to 53-122 μmol/L,and the blood perfusion of the infarction lesion was satisfactory.Conclusions Early diagnosis and interventional therapy is important for achieving satisfactory recovery of the acute renal infarction.Three dimensional CT angiography could conduce to early diagnosis and follow-up.Thrombosuction via catheter plus thrombolytic therapy is efficient for greater embolus.

Diagnosis and treatment of acute focal renal infarction / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To review the clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute focal renal infarction. Methods Three cases of focal renal infarction were reported and the literature was reviewed.The patients aged from 45 to 63 years with mean age of 54. Two cases had low back pain, 1 case with abdominal pain. Based on clinical history, B-ultrasonography and CT scan, focal renal infarction was diagnosed in 3 patients. There were 2 cases on left kidney and 1 case right. All cases were applied digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and thrombolytic anticoagulant therapy. Results Two cases received DSA and thrombolytic therapy. The other one case received pethidine 50 mg, progesterone 20 mg treatment, the salvia infusion and low molecular heparin 6000 U anticoagulant therapy. All patients had symtoms relieved after 1 d. A week later CT scan, 3 cases of renal infarction were apparently disappeared. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were normal. Three patients were followed, mean follow-up time was 1. 5 (0. 5-2) years. Conclusions The diagnosis of acute focal renal infarction mainly depends on B-ultrasound and CT. Early diagnosis and treatment is important for achieving recovery of the compromised renal function. Renal infarction should be suspected in the presence of abdominal pain of sudden onset.

Renal Artery Thrombosis in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus without Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: A Case Study / 대한류마티스학회지

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic inflammatory autoimmune disease caused by various autoantibodies and immune complexes. SLE and antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with thrombotic manifestations. However, renal artery thrombosis which causes renal artery occlusion is uncommon even in SLE patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. A 27-year-old woman with SLE suddenly developed left flank pain and generalized edema. From the laboratory workup, the woman was negative for antiphospholipid antibody and nephrotic-range proteinuria was detected. Computed tomography revealed renal artery thromboembolism and multiple renal infarctions with parenchymal perfusion defects in the left kidney. Renal biopsy showed WHO classification III and V lupus nephritis. Left flank pain, generalized edema and proteinuria were resolved and the thromboembolism resolved itself after a high dose of steroid and anticoagulation therapy. In SLE patients, sudden onset of unexplained flank pain is considered as a possible symptom of renal vessel thromboembolism even if the antiphospholipid antibody is negative.

Spontaneous Renal Artery Dissection Complicated by Renal Infarction / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A previously healthy 44-year-old woman, with no notable medical history developed left flank pain. To rule out left renal infarction, enhanced abdominal computed tomography(CT) was done and a wedge shaped hypointense lesion was identified in the left posteromedial aspect of the interpolar region. Renal angiography revealed an isolated renal artery dissection that was causing renal infarction due to narrowing of the main stem of the left renal artery. The patient experienced pain with severe uncontrolled hypertension. The patient was successfully treated by percutaneous angioplasty and renal artery stenting.